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UNRAVELING THE SECRET OF LIFE: DNA self-duplication, the basic precept of biotechnology, is denied

by Barry Commoner
GeneWatch
May-June 2003

References

Unraveling the DNA Myth: The Spurious Foundation of Genetic Engineering

by Barry Commoner
Harper's Magazine
February 2002

Synopsis
References

UNRAVELING THE SECRET OF LIFE
DNA self-duplication, the basic precept of biotechnology, is denied
GeneWatch
May-June 2003
Barry Commoner
References

page 3, left column: Watson’s new book.
Watson JD, DNA: The Secret of Life, Knopf, New York (2003)

page 3, left column: Time’s cover.
Time Magazine, February 17, 2003

page 3, left column: One-page letter to Nature.
Watson JD and Crick FHC, Nature 171:737-738 (1953)

page 3, right column: Two-page letter to Nature.
Watson JD and Crick FHC, Nature 171:965-967 (1953)

page 3, right column: Later, in 1958 Crick explained.
Crick FHC, Symposium of the Society for Exper. Biol. XII, 153. Academic Press, New York (1958)

page 3, right column: Arthur Kornberg discovered such an enzyme, DNA polymerase.
Kornberg A, Lehman IR, Bessman MJ and Simms ES, Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 21:197-198 (1956)

page 3, right column: Arthur Kornberg quotation.
Kornberg A, Enzymatic Synthesis of DNA. Wiley, New York (1961)

page 4, left column: Why not insert the gene into bacteria.*
(*As indicated in the reference, this is an error; commercial erythropoetin is made in hamster cells rather than bacteria.)
Tagliabue J, New York Times, October 2, 2002

page 4, left column: as Watson has suggested.
Bhattacharya S. Commenting on Watson’s statements during Channel 4 (UK) presentation; on New Scientist web site: www.newscientist.com/news/news.jsp?id=ns99993451

page 4, left column: Critical immune reactions in some patients.
Casadevall N et al., New Eng. Jour. Med. 346:469-475 (2002)

page 4, left column: 99 failed examples.
Fuchs R, “Assessing Foods Derived from Genetically Modified Crops for Unintended Effects – An Industry Perspective.” Presented at hearing on Unintended Effects of Genetically Engineered Foods, National Academy of Sciences USA, January 8, 2003

page 4, left column: More than 90% of cloned animals fail to survive.
National Academy of Sciences USA, Scientific and Medical Aspects of Human Reproductive Cloning, NAS (2000)

page 4, right column: Goodman quotation.
Goodman M, Nature Biotechnology 17:640-641 (1999)

page 4, right column: In 1991 Professor Goodman.
Echols M and Goodman MF, Ann. Rev. Biochem. 60:477-511 (1991)

page 4, right column: The cause of DNA self-replication failed to meet an initial experimental test.
Moran S, Ren RX-F and Kool ET, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 94(20):10506-10511 (1997)

page 4, right column: Eric T. Kool and Thomas A. Kunkel…have recently reviewed much of the relevant research.
Kool ET, Ann. Rev. Biochem. 71:191-219 (2002)
Kunkel TA and Bebenek K, Ann Rev. Biochem. 69:497-529 (2000)

page 5, left column: Video available on website of Professor Kraut.
Sawaya MR, Prasad R, Wilson SH, Kraut J and Pelletier H, Biochemistry 36(37):11205-11215 (1997)
(http//chem-faculty.UCSD/kraut/6pol.html)

page 5, left column: Hydrogen-bonding theory of DNA self-replication quotation.
Moran et al., 1997 (see above).

page 5, left column: “a modern icon”
Dennis C and Campbell P, Nature 421:396 (2003)

page 5, left column: Including one on the role of polymerase in DNA replication.
Alberts B, Nature 421:431-435 (2003)

page 5, right column: Crick attached to it an ominous warning.
Crick FHC, Nature 227:561-563 (1970)

page 6, left column: Nearly twenty different polymerases.
Kool ET, Ann Rev Biochem. 71:191-219 (2002)

page 6, left column: Error rate of about one in ten thousand.
Kool ET, 2002 (see above)

page 6, right column: Properties and functions of these enzymes vary considerably.
Hübscher U, Maga G and Spadori S, Ann. Rev. Biochem. 71:133-163 (2002)

page 6, right column: Goodman quotation.
Goodman MF, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 94:10493-10495 (1997)

page 6, right column: A recent study of rice.
Kohli A et al., Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 71:133-163 (1998)

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