Critical Genetics Project
 
 

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UNRAVELING THE SECRET OF LIFE: DNA self-duplication, the basic precept of biotechnology, is denied

by Barry Commoner
GeneWatch
May-June 2003

References

Unraveling the DNA Myth: The Spurious Foundation of Genetic Engineering

by Barry Commoner
Harper's Magazine
February 2002

Synopsis
References

A STRONG RESPONSE
An Analysis of Readers' Responses to "Unraveling the DNA Myth"
by Barry Commoner

MORE ROSES THAN RASPBERRIES
A Classification of the Responses to "Unraveling the DNA Myth"
by Andreas Athanasiou




 



UNRAVELING THE DNA MYTH
The Spurious Foundation of Genetic Engineering
Harper's Magazine
February 2002
Barry Commoner
References

page 39: Dolly.
Wilmut I, Schnieke AE, McWhir J, Kind AJ, Campbell KH. Viable offspring derived from fetal and adult mammalian cells. Nature. 1997. 385(6619):810-3.

page 39: ANDi.
Chan AWS, Chong KY, Martinovich C, Simerly C, and Schatten G. Transgenic Monkeys Produced by Retroviral Gene Transfer into Mature Oocytes. Science. 2001. 291:309-312.

page 39: Pigs that carry a gene for bovine growth hormone.
Pursel VG, Pinkert CA, Miller KF, Bolt DJ, Campbell RG, Palmiter RD, Brinster RL, Hammer RE. Genetic engineering of livestock. Science. 1989. 244(4910):1281-8.

page 39: Genetically engineered corn and soybean plants.
Thayer AM. Agbiotech. Chem. Engin. News. Oct 2, 2000. page.....

page 39: Developmental failure and malformations in clones.
Jaenisch R and Wilmut I. Don't Clone Hunans. Science. 2001. 291:2552

page 39: Altered host genome in transgenic soybeans.
Windels P., Taverniers I., Depicker A., Van Bockstaele E., and De Loose M.. Characterisation of the Roundup Ready soybean insert. Eur Food Res Technol. 2001. 213:107-112

page 40: The central dogma.
Crick F.H.C. On Protein Synthesis. In: Symposium of the society for experimental biology XII, p153. New York: Academic Press, 1958. This carefully reasoned account describes the molecular processes, as then known, that enable the DNA gene to govern the synthesis of a specific protein. Crick's basic hypotheses, the Sequence Hypothesis and the Central Dogma, are summarized.

page 40: Watson quotation.
Gorner P., and Kotulak R. Life by Design. Chicago Tribune. Apr 8, 1990.

page 40: Gilbert quotation.
Gilbert W. A Vision of the Grail. In: Daniel J Kevles and Leroy Hoof, eds. The Code of Codes: Scientific and Social Issues in the Human Genome Project, p96, Cambridge Harvard University Press. 1992.

page 40: Clinton quotation.
Press Conference, White House, Office of Press Secretary, June 26, 2000.

page 40: Crick quotation.
Crick 1958 (above), page 152.

page 41: Crick quotation.
Crick 1958 (above), page 153.

page 42: Crick quotation.
Crick F.H.C. The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology. 1970, Nature 227:561-563 (see page 563).

page 42: Nature article on Human Genome Project (public funding).
International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium. Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome. Nature. 2001. 409(6822): 860-921

page 42: Science article on Human Genome Project (private funding).
Venter JC, Adams MD, Myers EW, et al. The Sequence of the Human Genome. Science. 2001. 291:1304-1351.

page 42: Wade quotation.
Wade N. Genetic Sequence of Mouse is also Decoded. New York Times. Feb 13, 2001.

page 42: Lander quotation.
Dentzer S. "Sequencing Life", PBS Online News Hour. Feb 12 2001.

page 42: Alternative splicing quotation.
Venter et al 2001 (above), page 1345.

page 43: The role of the spliceosome in alternative splicing.
Collins CA, and Guthrie C. Allele-specific genetic interactions between Prp8 and RNA active site residues suggest a function for Prp8 at the catalytic core of the spliceosome. Genes Dev. 1999. 13(15):1970-82.

page 43: Alternative splicing; 576 inner ear variant proteins.
Black DL. Splicing in the inner ear: a familiar tune, but what are the instruments? Neuron. 1998. 20(2):165-8.

page 43: Alternative splicing; 38,016 variant fruit fly proteins.
Schmucker D, Clemens JC, Shu H, Worby CA, Xiao J, Muda M, Dixon JE, Zipursky SL. Drosophila Dscam is an axon guidance receptor exhibiting extraordinary molecular diversity. Cell. 2000 Jun 9;101(6):671-84.

page 43: The role of spliceosome proteins in the genetic information created by alternative splicing.
See Collins et al 1999 (above).

page 43: Alternative splicing in virus replication, 1978.
Nevins R, and Darnell JE Jr. Steps in the processing of Ad2 mRNA: Poly(A)+ nuclear sequences are conserved and Poly(A) addition precedes splicing. Cell. 1978. 15:1477-1493.

page 43: Alternative splicing in human cells, 1981.
DeNoto FM, Moore DD, and Goodman HM. Human growth hormone DNA sequence and mRNA structure: possible alternative splicing. Nuc Acids Res. 1981. 9:3719-30.

page 43: Papers on alternative splicing in humans published by 1989.
Results of PubMed search for articles containing "alternative splicing" AND "human".

Page 43: the $3 billion project
Venter et al 2001 (above). page 1305

page 43: Watson and Crick quotation.
Watson J.D. and Crick F.H.C. Molecular structure of nucleic acids: A structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid. Nature. 1953. 171:737-738.

page 44: Processes that improve fidelity of DNA replication.
Radman M., and Wagner R. The High Fidelity of DNA Replication. Scientific American. 1988. August:40-46

page 44: Enzymes that synthesize DNA influence its nucleotide sequence.
Commoner B. The roles of deoxyribonucleic acid in inheritance. Nature. 1964. 203:486-91
Commoner B. Failure of the Watson-Crick theory as a chemical explanation of inheritance. Nature. 1968. 220:334-340.

page 44: Chaperones.
Ellis RJ. Proteins as molecular chaperones. Nature. 1987. 328:378-379.
Ellis RJ and Hemmingsen SM. Molecular chaperones: proteins essential for the biogenesis of some macromolecular structures. 1989. Trends Bioch Sci. 14(8):339-42

page 44: Prions.
S.B. Prusiner. The Prion Diseases One Protein, Two Shapes. Scientific American. 1995. 272(1):48-57.

page 45: U.S. transgenic crops.
Report released by the National Agricultural Statistics Service, the Agricultural Statistics Board, and the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Acreage. June 29, 2001.

page 45: Hardy quotation.
Hardy RWF. In Agricultural Research and Development. Hearing, U.S Senate before Senate Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry. Oct 6, 1999.

page 46: DNA miscoding repair in plants.
Tuteja N, Singh MB, Misra MK, Bhalla PL, Tuteja R. Molecular mechanisms of damage and repair: progress in plants. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol. 2001;36(4):337-97.

page 46: Alternatively splicing in plants.
Comelli P, Konig J, Werr W. Alternative splicing of two leading exons partitions promoter activity between the coding regions of the maize homeobox gene Zmhox1a and Trap (transposon-associated protein). Plant Mol Biol. 1999 Nov;41(5):615-25.

page 46: Chaperones in plants.
Lund AA, Blum PH, Bhattramakki D, Elthon TE. Heat-stress response of mitochondria. Plant Physiol. 1998 Mar;116(3):1097-110.

page 46: Experimental failures in transgenic organisms.
Pursel VG, Hammer RE, Bolt DJ, Palmiter RD, Brinster RL. Integration, expression and germ-line transmission of growth-related genes in pigs. Reprod Fertil Suppl . 1990;41:77-87
Pursel VG, Rexroad CE Jr, Bolt DJ, Miller KF, Wall RJ, Hammer RE,
Pinkert CA, Palmiter RD, Brinster RL. Progress on gene transfer in farm animals. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1987 Dec;17(1-4):303-12

page 46: Monsanto quotation.
Monsanto Company Product Safety Center. Confidential Report (MSL-16712). Updated Molecular Characterization and Safety Assessment of Roundup Ready Soybean Event 40-3-2. Monsanto Company. St Louis, MO.

page 46: Abnormal host DNA in transgenic soybeans.
Windels et al 2001 (above).

page 46: Transgenic plant's enzymes rearrange the alien gene's nucleotide sequence.
Kohli A, Leech M, Vain P, Laurie DA, Christou P. Transgene organization in rice engineered through direct DNA transfer supports a two-phase integration mechanism mediated by the establishment of integration hot spots. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998 Jun 9;95(12):7203-8.

Page 47: DNA did not create life; life created DNA.
Commoner B. Relationship between biological information and the origin of life. In: Matsuno K, Dose K, Harada K, Rohlfing DL, eds. Molecular Evolution and Protobiology, p283, Plenum Press. New York. 1984.
Commoner B. Biochemical, biological and atmospheric evolution. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1965 Jun;53(6):1183-1194.


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